Entre la verdad jurídica y la verdad psicológica: tensiones en la valoración del testimonio dentro del proceso penal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70577/cieninter.v4i3.40Palabras clave:
testimonio; psicología forense; proceso penal; verdad jurídica; memoria; valoración probatoria; credibilidadResumen
La valoración del testimonio en el proceso penal constituye uno de los nudos epistemológicos más complejos en la intersección del derecho y la psicología. La verdad jurídica, construida sobre estándares procesales de certeza y carga probatoria, y la verdad psicológica, articulada desde los hallazgos empíricos sobre memoria, credibilidad y sugestionabilidad, no siempre convergen, generando tensiones que pueden derivar en errores judiciales con consecuencias irreparables. El presente artículo analiza, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar, las principales fuentes de conflicto entre ambas epistemologías en la valoración testimonial, con especial atención a los fenómenos de la memoria reconstructiva, los sesgos cognitivos del juzgador, la identificación de mentira, la psicología del testimonio infantil y el impacto de los procedimientos de entrevista forense. Se emplea una metodología de revisión sistemática narrativa de literatura especializada publicada entre 2022 y 2025, con fuentes indexadas en Scopus, Web of Science y PsycINFO. Los resultados evidencian que la persistente infravaloración de los aportes psicológicos en los sistemas probatorios genera vulnerabilidades estructurales que comprometen tanto la justicia material como los derechos fundamentales del acusado y de las víctimas. Se concluye que la superación de esta tensión requiere no solo la incorporación sistemática de la psicología del testimonio como disciplina auxiliar del derecho procesal penal, sino también una reforma epistemológica en la formación de operadores jurídicos.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Maria Gabriela Mora Velasco, Jose Andres Mora Velasco, Mateo Alberto Alvarez Maldonado, Jhonatan Antony Valle Sanabria
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
