Epidemiological Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella spp. in Asymptomatic Carriers from Rural Communities in Jipijapa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70577/cieninter.v4i4.147Keywords:
Salmonella; asymptomatic carriers; antimicrobial resistance; serotypes; epidemiological surveillance; rural communities.Abstract
Detection of Salmonella spp. in people without gastrointestinal complaints poses a challenge for public health surveillance, particularly in rural settings where these infections may escape routine clinical reporting. This study examined isolate distribution, identified serotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility among asymptomatic residents of seven rural parishes in Jipijapa. A quantitative, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional investigation was conducted from March 2024 through February 2025 and included 264 participants recruited by nonprobability sampling. Stool specimens underwent culture, biochemical identification, and serotyping. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing followed the Kirby–Bauer method and 2024 CLSI criteria. Salmonella spp. was recovered from 126 participants (47.73%). Enteritidis accounted for 68.25% of isolates and Typhimurium for 31.75%. Resistance was most frequent to ampicillin (38.10%) and ciprofloxacin (26.98%), whereas susceptibility to ceftriaxone and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole reached 96.03% and 95.24%, respectively. Neither culture positivity (p = 0.749) nor serotype distribution (p = 0.903) was significantly associated with parish of residence. These findings describe bacterial circulation in the examined population and support community surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and further research using a One Health perspective.
Downloads
References
Amancha, G., Celis, Y., Irazabal, J., Falconi, M., Villacis, K., Thekkur, P., Nair, D., Perez, F., & Verdonck, K. (2023). High levels of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella from poultry in Ecuador. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 47, e15. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2023.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2023.15
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2024a). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests (14th ed.; CLSI standard M02). https://clsi.org/shop/standards/m02/
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2024b). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (34th ed.; CLSI supplement M100). https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m100/
Desalegn, S., Abaya, G., G’Yesus, T., Admasu, D., & Mussema, A. (2025). Prevalence of intestinal parasites, Salmonella, Shigella and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates among food handlers in Wachemo University Students’ food service facility, Southcentral Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. IJID Regions, 15, 100617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100617
European Food Safety Authority, & European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2025). The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2022–2023. EFSA Journal, 23, e9237. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9237
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Environment Programme, World Health Organization, & World Organisation for Animal Health. (2022). One health joint plan of action (2022–2026): Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240059139
GBD 2017 Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease Collaborators. (2019). The global burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(12), 1312–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30418-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30418-9
Li, W., Han, H., Liu, J., Ke, B., Zhan, L., Yang, X., Tan, D., Yu, B., Huo, X., Ma, X., Wang, T., Chen, S., Sun, Y., Chen, W., Li, Y., Liu, C., Yang, Z., & Guo, Y. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates from human diarrhea cases in China: An eight-year surveilance study. One Health Advances, 1, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44280-023-00001-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s44280-023-00001-3
Lu, X., Luo, M., Wang, M., Zhou, Z., Xu, J., Li, Z., Peng, Y., Zhang, Y., Ding, F., Jiang, D., Zhou, C., Yang, L., Zhao, W., Ma, T., Pang, B., Yan, M., Wu, Y., Wu, Y., & Kan, B. (2024). High carriage and possible hidden spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella among asymptomatic workers in Yulin, China. Nature Communications, 15, Article 10238. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54405-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54405-9
Mejía, L., Medina, J. L., Bayas, R., Salazar, C. S., Villavicencio, F., Zapata, S., Matheu, J., Wagenaar, J. A., González-Candelas, F., & Vinueza-Burgos, C. (2020). Genomic epidemiology of Salmonella Infantis in Ecuador: From poultry farms to human infections. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, Article 547891. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.547891 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.547891
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2018). Salmonella (no tifoidea). https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/Salmonella-(non-typhoidal)
Sirinavin, S., Pokawattana, L., & Bangtrakulnondh, A. (2004). Duration of nontyphoidal Salmonella carriage in asymptomatic adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(11), 1644–1645. https://doi.org/10.1086/421027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/421027
Tadesse, G. (2014). Prevalence of human Salmonellosis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14, Article 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-88 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-88
Villagómez Estrada, S., Logacho Pilataxi, M., & Vinueza Burgos, C. (2017). Presencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de serovariedades de Salmonella enterica aisladas en una empresa avícola integrada del Ecuador. Revista Ecuatoriana de Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas, 38(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.26807/remcb.v38i1.17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26807/remcb.v38i1.17
Voss-Rech, D., Potter, L., Vaz, C. S. L., Pereira, D. I. B., Sangioni, L. A., Vargas, Á. C., & Botton, S. A. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from human and poultry-related samples in Brazil: 20-year meta-analysis. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 14(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.20162228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2016.2228
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mg. William Antonio Lino Villacreses, Dr. Armindo Perozo Mena
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
